El estado ecológico de las pequeñas cuencas de cabecera en las serranías béticas húmedas (parque natural Los Alcornocales, sur de España) según la Directiva Marco del Agua: ¿su aplicación garantiza la conservación?

Abstract

Ecological status of headwaters in the wet Betic Mountains (Los Alcornocales Natural Park, southernmost Spain) according to the WFD: does the application of this Directive ensure conservation?
In compliance with the European Water Framework Directive, member states have had to develop a method to assess the quality of aquatic ecosystems by comparing the current situation regarding near–natural reference conditions for each river type. In 2008, the Spanish Ministry of Environment approved the Order of Water Planning Statement. This statement sets out reference conditions and ecological status class change limits for the different types of rivers in Spain for which sufficient data are available. In the presentstudy, we established reference conditions and quality class thresholds for streams classified as wet Betic mountain rivers from 24 reaches of streams located in the Los Alcornocales natural park, using two qualitative indices based on macroinvertebrates (IBMWP and IMMi–L). The results for the IBMWP index indicate that from the standpoint of management of the ecological state, the watercourses studied show more affinity with the types of the Spanish Atlantic siliceous slope than with those of the Mediterranean siliceous slope when we consider EQR values. Considering the threshold values, the index resembles siliceous low Mediterranean mountain rivers (type 8). However, the EQR values do not match those calculated in this study. These results suggest that it is necessary to use an index adapted to the characteristics of these watercourses. Application of the quality criteria contained in the Guadalete–Barbate and Mediterranean–Andalusian Basin Plans to the management of these waterways is discussed, because it is unlikely that they ensure the maintenance of good ecological status. We thus propose a new calibration of the IBMWP index that ensures the maintenance of good environmental status of watercourses in this natural area, and the use of the IMMi–L index as an effective management tool. However, as our study area represents only a part of the wet headwaters in the southern Iberian peninsula, analysis of other basin types is necessary to complete such information.