Animal Biodiversity and Conservation. Volum 49.2 (2026) Pàgines: e0014-

Effect of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the occupancy of medium- and large-sized terrestrial mammals in the community of Toñampade, Ecuador

Loayza Barnuevo, M., Rodriguez, F., Gaba, F., Enqueri, I., Nemquimo, O., Tanguila, F., Jácome-Negrete, I.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2026.49.0014

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Resum

Mammals are part of the natural, social, and cultural environment of the Waorani community of Toñampade, located in the Ecuadorian Amazon. However, threats such as hunting, habitat fragmentation, and habitat loss endanger various species. Therefore, assessing the current occupancy patterns of mammals is crucial to understanding their conservation status. This study analyzes occupancy models for medium- and large-sized terrestrial mammals inhabiting community territory, using hierarchical models built with six covariates per species and season. Between July and October 2021, 20 single camera trap stations were installed surrounding Toñampade for a sampling effort of 1,784 trap-days, producing 594 independent records corresponding to 19 species. The most recorded species was black agouti, with a naïve occupancy of Ψ = 0.85. Detection probability was mainly influenced by camera trap settings, while occupancy probability was primarily driven by distance to the community and distance to the river for most species, suggesting a direct link with hunting accessibility. Altitude also played an important role, indicating that occupancy patterns are shaped by both anthropogenic pressures and environmental factors. The occupancy models applied allowed us to identify the main factors conditioning the spatial distribution of medium- and large-sized mammals in the study area, providing key information for their monitoring and conservation.

Paraules clau

Occupancy models, Detection, Wildlife, Camera traps, Amazon

Cita

Loayza Barnuevo, M., Rodriguez, F., Gaba, F., Enqueri, I., Nemquimo, O., Tanguila, F., Jácome-Negrete, I., 2026. Effect of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the occupancy of medium- and large-sized terrestrial mammals in the community of Toñampade, Ecuador. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 49: e0014-, DOI: https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2026.49.0014